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Let's install Ubuntu on VirtualBox. The installed version is based on 20.04, it is the latest LTS version at the time of writing. If you want to download another version, you can go to releases.ubuntu.com and download the version you want. 1. Ubuntu Download  Go to the site below and download Ubuntu 20.04 Version. ubuntu.com/download/desktop   2. Installation 2.2 Input Name, and click Next(N). 2.3 For the memory size, set the recommended memory size of 1024 MB. 2.4 Set up the hard disk. Use the recommended 10.00 GB.     2.5 Select the hard disk file type as VDI. 2.6 Storing on a physical hard drive selects dynamic allocation. 2.7 Confirm file location and size. 2.8 Once you've done that, you'll see your virtual machine as shown below. 2.9  From now on, it is the process of installing Ubuntu on the virtual machine. Run setup and select storage as shown below   2.10 Controller: Select IDE's Empty and choose the optical drive. Just select the Ubuntu file you d...

To use Rsyslog well, it is essential to create a template that fits the desired output format, and this is an essential function of Rsyslog. We will deal with the detailed template later, and first of all, let's see what a template is. The main contents introduced in the Rsyslog document are as follows. Key Feature of Rsyslog It makes the format the user wants. It dynamically creates a file. Provides a customizing function to database users by using appropriate SQL. Template Example template(name="tpl1" type="list") { constant(value="Syslog MSG is: '") property(name="msg") constant(value="', ") property(name="timereported" dateFormat="rfc3339" caseConversion="lower") constant(value="\n") } If you define a template as above, you can output a specific log accordingly. However, to define a template, you need to know the properties used in Rsyslog. In this...

To operate a device with SNMP, a set of managed information supported by the device, which is usually called a managed object (MO), requires a definition. In SNMP, it is defined as a Management Information Base (MIB). If the device supports SNMP, specify which MIBs are supported in the Feature, and the Manager can collect information based on the MIBs. In this post, I will briefly look at MIB. MIB Overview MIB is a text file written in ASN.1 syntex. Since it is a standard syntex, it can interpret either standard MIB or private MIB. Taking RFC 1213 (MIB-2) as an example, objects are defined as shown below. sysUpTime OBJECT-TYPE               SYNTAX  TimeTicks               ACCESS  read-only               STATUS  mandatory               DESCRIPTION                       "The time...

Syslog Definition Syslog is a standard protocol that defines log information and collection with 'The BSD syslog protocol' defined in RFC 3164. Transport Protocol Syslog transmits log information using the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and is transmitted using port number 514. Since UDP is used, the reliability of the transfer cannot be guaranteed and is unilaterally transferred to the server and ended. Packet Format Syslog Message is divided into PRI Part, Header, and MSG. PRI Part It consists of Facility and Severity. The Facility is defined as follows: Numerical Code Facility 0 Kernel messages 1 User-level messages 2 Mail system 3 System daemons 4 Security/authentication messages 5 Messages generated internally by syslogd 6 Line printer subsystem 7 Network news subsystem 8 UUCP subsystem 9 Clock daemon 10 Security/authentication messages 11 FTP daemon 12 NTP subsystem 13 Log audit 14 Log alert 15 Scheduling daemon 16–23 Locally used facilities Severity  Numerical Code Severit...

  When defining the functions of NMS and EMS, it is often referred to as FCAPS. FCAPS stands for Fault, Configuration, Account, Performance, and Security. The functions of a normal management system are all included in this category. Let's take a look at each function.   Fault Management Fault means unavailable status. When talking about a fault, it is usually referred to as an alarm. Fault and alarm are not specifically distinguished, but to be strict, fault can be considered to mean a phenomenon in which a fault occurred in the system, and faults are classified into hardware and software. Alarm defines in detail about a fault that has occurred and informs the operator when a fault occurs.   According to the definition of the standard document, Alarm usually has Severity, Probable Cause, Category, and additionally includes location information. A brief look at each definition is as follows.   Severity: Severity is defined as Critical Major, Minor, Warn...

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a Management Protocol most used in network management systems. More than 70% of the world's network equipment supports SNMP, and as it has a long history, it is easy to develop and verify with various tools and libraries that have already been verified.   On the other hand, the simple structure of GET, SET, and NOTIFICATION is not easy to standardize, and it is difficult to implement various OAM functions. There are many standard MIBs defined by IETF(RFC xxxx), and large equipment manufacturers basically support them, but m ost of the MIBs required for operation are supported as private MIBs, and the main functions are often vendor specific.   As a result, Service Providers requested a standardized operation plan, which became the background for NETCONF and others. Nevertheless, since SNMP is still the most widely used protocol, so it is essential to understand the management system. The history of SNMP As the Internet based...

First of all, NMS is an abbreviation for Network Management System, and EMS is an abbreviation for Element Management System. TMN, a very old standard document, describes the two as concepts such as NM, EM, and NE. We will look at the relevant standard documents when there is an opportunity in the future, and first, let's look at a schematic concept. In order to efficiently operate and manage network equipment, NMS and EMS suitable for the service area are required. In general, in the case of wired networks, NMS is often operated alone, and in the case of mobile communication networks, EMS is required in addition to NMS. In this article, we will examine the concept of the overall management system and explain the differences between NMS and EMS. Management System refers to a GUI system that performs network management functions, usually represented by FCAPS. Here, FCAPS means the following five functions. l   Fault Management  l   Configuration Management l   Accou...